RESUMEN
Disaster plant pathology addresses how natural and human-driven disasters impact plant diseases, and the requirements for smart management solutions. Local to global drivers of plant disease change in response to disasters, often creating environments more conducive to plant disease. Most disasters have indirect effects on plant health through factors such as disrupted supply chains and damaged infrastructure. There is also the potential for direct effects from disasters, such as pathogen or vector dispersal due to floods, hurricanes, and human migration driven by war. Pulse stressors such as hurricanes and war require rapid responses, while press stressors such as climate change leave more time for management adaptation but may ultimately cause broader challenges. Smart solutions for the effects of disasters can be deployed through digital agriculture and decision support systems supporting disaster preparedness and optimized humanitarian aid across scales. Here we use the disaster plant pathology framework to synthesize the effects of disasters in plant pathology and outline solutions to maintain food security and plant health in catastrophic scenarios. We recommend actions for improving food security before and following disasters, including (1) strengthening regional and global cooperation, (2) capacity building for rapid implementation of new technologies, (3) effective clean seed systems that can act quickly to replace seed lost in disasters, (4) resilient biosecurity infrastructure and risk assessment ready for rapid implementation, and (5) decision support systems that can adapt rapidly to unexpected scenarios.
RESUMEN
RESUMEN El maracuyá es una especie susceptible a patógenos, como Fusarium solani f. sp. passiflorae, causante de la secadera, llegando a causar pérdidas entre 90 y 100%, en cultivos comerciales en Colombia. Debido al desconocimiento de un método de inoculación eficiente para evaluar germoplasma de maracuyá contra este patógeno, se planteó este estudio, cuyo objetivo fue comparar cuatro métodos de inoculación de F. solani f. sp. passiflorae MViRi01 en plántulas de maracuyá (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa), cultivadas a 29°C, con un fotoperiodo de 12h. Los tratamientos fueron: incisión en el tallo (T1), inmersión de raíces (T2), inyección en el tallo (T3) y cribado en tubos de ensayo modificado (T4). Se estimó la incidencia de la enfermedad y el periodo de incubación del hongo. Los métodos evaluados mostraron diferencias altamente significativas (P<0,001). F. solani f. sp. passiflorae infectó raíces, tallo y hojas, causando estrangulamiento ascendente y descendente del tallo. Se obtuvo 100% de incidencia de la enfermedad con los tratamientos T1 (incisión) y T4 (cribado). En T4, el periodo de incubación del hongo fue 2,4 días y en T2 (inmersión), de 19 días. La muerte de las plántulas ocurrió 12 días después de inocular los tratamientos T1 y T3 (inyección). La emisión de raíces adventicias en las plántulas se indujo inyectando el patógeno (T3). Los métodos apropiados para inocular Fusarium sp. en plántulas de maracuyá fueron el cribado en tubos de ensayo modificado y la incisión en el tallo, debido a la homogeneidad en los resultados y la replicabilidad.
SUMMARY Passionfruit is a species susceptible pathogens such as Fusarium solani f. sp. passiflorae, causal agent of Passiflora collar rot, which can cause yield losses between 90 and 100% in commercial crops in Colombia. Due to lack of knowledge of an efficient inoculation method to evaluate germplasm of passionfruit against this fungus, it was designed this study, whose objective was to compare four methods of inoculation of F. solani f. sp. passiflorae MViRi01 in passionfruit seedlings (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) cultivated at 29ºC and 12-hours of photoperiod. The treatments were: stem incision (T1), root immersion (T2), stem injection (T3), and a modified test-tube screening methodology (T4). Disease incidence and incubation period of the fungus was evaluated. The assessed methods showed highly significant differences (P< 0.001). F. solani f. sp. passiflorae infected roots, stem, and leaves causing stem ascending and descending strangulation. Both T1 (incision) and T4 (screening) treatments showed 100% of disease incidence. The incubation period of the fungus in T4 was 2.4 days and in T2 (immersion) 19 days. The death of the seedlings occurred 12 days after inoculation in T1 and T3 (injection) treatments. The adventitious root sprouting in the seedlings was induced by injecting (T3) the pathogen. The most suitable methods to inoculate F. solani f. sp. passiflorae on passionfruit seedlings were the modified testtube screening methodology and the stem incision due to its homogeneity and replicability results.
